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A

Abbassid Dynasty

(750 - 1258) Ruling family of the Islamic Empire during its golden age and responsible for many achievements.

Abraham

The first patriarch in the Bible. Abraham was asked by God to sacrifice his son, Isaac, and was rewarded for being prepared to do so. He is considered by Jewish people as the father of the Israelites through his son Isaac, and by Muslims as the father of Arab peoples through his son Ishmael.

absolute monarchy

A political system in which a country is ruled by a monarch, who has absolute control.

acid rain

Rain that contains pollutants due to the burning of fossil fuels. It is damaging to the environment.

acupuncture

Chinese method of treating disorders by inserting needles into the skin. This is to help with the flow of energy that is thought to be blocked.

adaptation

A change made to survive an environment or to overcome a disadvantage.

African Trading Kingdoms

Three African kingdoms, Ghana, Mali, and Songhai that were important in the trans-Sahara trade of gold form the west coast of Africa to North Africa and the Middle East. Their trade provided enough wealth to create the conditions necessary for cultural and intellectual achievement.

Afrikaners

Dutch descended colonist living in South Africa. Also called Boers.

Age of Exploration

Time period during the 15th and 16th centuries when Europeans searched for new sources of wealth and for easier trade routes to China and India. Resulted in the discovery of North and South America by the Europeans.

Age of Reason

Term given to describe the Enlightenment.


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